Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (947 words) - Psychology

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (947 words) - Psychology Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 11, Social Psychology Vocabulary, Key Terms Affectionate love or companionate love: Love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near. Aggression: Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally. Altruism: Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself. Attitudes: An individual's opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas; how the person feels about the world. Attribution theory: The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. Bystander effect: The tendency for an individual who observe an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. Cognitive dissonance: An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. Conformity: A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. Deindividuation: The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group. Discrimination: An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. Egoism: Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring or to avoid social and self-censure for failing to live up to society's expectations. Elaboration likelihood model: Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. Empathy: A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups. False consensus effect: Observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do. Fundamental attribution error: Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation o the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person's behavior. Group polarization: The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction. Groupthink: The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. Informational social influence: The influence other people have on us because we want to be right. Investment model: A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships. Mere exposure effect: The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before. Normative social influence: The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us. Obedience: Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority. Overt aggression: Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person. Person perception: The processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others. Positive illusions: Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. Prejudice: An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group. Relational aggression: Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person. Risky shift: The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual's group members. Romantic love or passionate love: Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship. Self-fulfilling prophecy: Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectancies are realized. Self-perception theory: Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving theory behavior. Self-serving bias: The tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one''s failures. Social cognition: The area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. Social comparison: The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others. Social contagion: Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. Social exchange